Technodiversity Glossary

Functiogram

• May facilitate replanting in clearcuts
• Reduction of fuel loads
• Chips are very clean, as the wood is not dragged and contaminated
• Machines can move on a brash mat

• Nutrient removal
• Possible small volume concentration
• Low product quality
• Low productivity of terrain chippers compared with roadside chippers
• More terrain traffic with heavier units
• The interface between chipper and chip-shuttle can cause substantial interaction delays

• Nordic countries
• Poplar plantations

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 120,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 2
• in total: 190,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes pre tree
  • b₀ = 0,2
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 2,0
  • b₂ (skidding distance) = 0,03

Ecological suitability

Ecograms 

Social suitability

• S-class: no contact with forest road -> S5
• E-class: simple machine work, heavy and dangerous -> E3

Spinelli & Hartsough 2001, Spinelli & Magagnotti 2010, and many more

see SP-x1-x2 delimbing

Functiogram

• Very high productivity
• Perfect working site for driver
• Opportunity to recover biomass at low cost

• Storage place very quickly is full
• Therefore often together with any forwarder
• Risk for soil nutrient depletion 

• Where full trees are stored at forest road
• = at windthrow or at cable ways
• Standard option for modern cable-yarding operations

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 160,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 195,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 0,5
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 1,7

Ecological suitability

Ecogram 

Social suitability:

• S-class: processing on forest road -> S2
• E-class: advanced machine work, moderate -> E4

Full trees are chipped at a roadside landing

Functiogram

• At the roadside, one can use very large and powerful chipper that will offer the highest productivity and lowest cost
• More biomass is recovered (~20-30%) compared with chipping logs

• Whole-tree chips are lower quality than chips obtained from delimbed logs, in terms of: particle size distribution, ash content; storage capacity
• The roadside landing must be large enough to accommodate the chipper, the accompanying chipvan and the stacks to be chipped.
  
• Stacks should not be contaminated during extraction and/or piling
  

• Most chipping operations are conducted at roadside.
• Whole trees are chipped when the quality of the stem (size, form, species) is not suitable for the cost-effective recovery of higher-value products
• in combination with cable yarder

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 200,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 235,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 0,2
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 1,0

Ecological suitability

Ecogram 

Social suitability

• S-class: chipping on forest road -> S1
• E-class: advanced machine work, moderate -> E4 

Eliasson, L., Von Hofsten, H., Johannesson, T., Spinelli, R., Tierfelder, T., 2015: Effects of sieve size on chipper productivity, fuel consumption and chip size distribution for open drum chippers. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 36: 11-17.

see SP-x2-x3 cross-cutting

Tree lengths that are stored at the forest road are chipped. 

Functiogram

Advantages

• At the roadside, one can use very large and powerful chipper that will offer the highest productivity and lowest cost
• Better quality than chipping of full trees

• The roadside landing must be large enough to accommodate the chipper, the accompanying chipvan and the stacks to be chipped.
  
• Stacks should not be contaminated during extraction and/or piling
  

• Most chipping operations are conducted at roadside.

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 200,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 235,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 0,2
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 1,0

Ecological suitability

Ecogram 

Social suitability

• S-class: chipping on forest road -> S1
• E-class: advanced machine work, moderate -> E4

Logs are chipped from stacks piled at the roadside. The work can be done  with any chipper, in any configurations. Chips can be discharged directly onto trucks, onto tractor- trailers or on the ground. Surge bins can also be used

Functiogram

• At the roadside, one can use very large and powerful chipper that will offer the highest productivity and lowest cost
• Logs are the best feedstock for producing high quality chips

• The roadside landing must be large enough to accommodate the chipper, the accompanying chipvan and the stacks to be chipped.
• Stacks should not be contaminated during extraction and/or piling

• Most chipping operations
• Chipping is more productive if performed at a roadside landing than in the stand because the material is more concentrated and one can use a larger machine

Economic suitability

 Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 200,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 235,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 0,1
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 1,0

Ecological suitability

Ecogram 

Social suitability:

• S-class: chipping on forest road -> S1
• E-class: advanced machine work, moderate -> E4

Limbs are to be cut by axe or comparable knives: with one cut the branch should be separated - therefore more suitable for younger trees and conifer species 

Functiogram:

Advantages

• Dynamic work as contrast to static, noisy and vibrating work with chainsaw
• Easy done by workers who did not have experience with chainsaw
• Low investment
• Low/no relocation cost

• Diameter of branch max 3 cm ?
• No. of branches, best if only few branches per tree
• Heavy physical effort/workload

• At first thinning in regions with low wage levels

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 0,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 35,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 4,0
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 10,0 

Ecological suitability

• Ecogram

Social suitability

• S-class: 
  • in the stand or on the trail no contact with the forest road -> S5
  • processing on the forest road -> S2 
• E-class: manual work, very heavy and dangerous -> E1

When the tree is felled (lays on ground) the limbs are cut from bottom to top. Three methods: 2 whorls at a time, whorl by whorl, and in the crown from top to the side. When finished turn the log and work the other side

Functiogram

• High efficiency
• High work quality (No risk for roller damage, flush cut of branches, better measuring under difficult stem conditions etc.)
• Low investment
• Low relocation cost

• Open space for standpoint of the worker needed
• Danger to hit legs and shoes with chainsaw
• Danger to injure the legs and feet
• Static strain on backbone
• Heavy effort/cardio workload
• Low productivity

• Delimbing broad-leaved trees
• Delimbing conifer trees where no processor/harvester is able to do a good job

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 4,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 39,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 2
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 10

Ecological suitability

Ecogram

Social suitability

• S-class: 
  • in the stand or on the trail no contact with the forest road -> S5
  • processing on the forest road -> S2 
• E-class: motor-manual work, very heavy and dangerous -> E2

After measuring and decision where the optimal cuts have to be set, the trunk is cut into 2 or more pieces, (nearly) each of them marketable assortment.

Functiogram

• To separate assortments, lend them to different customers
• Enable collecting machines (like forwarder) to collect , lower damage in stand and on soil

• Costs
• Therefore only available after pre-skidding

• Separating logs to different assortments
• On skid road = separate forwarding
• On forest road=separate storage
• Poplar plantations in Italy (buyer-marked)
• High-value assortment production, customer-driven grading (veneer)

Economic suitability

Example:

• machine costs without personal costs: 4,00 Euro/h
• personal costs per person: 35,00 Euro/h
• number of persons: 1
• in total: 39,00 Euro/h
• regression line minutes per tree
  • b₀ = 5,0
  • b₁ (tree volume) = 3,5

Ecological suitability

• Ecogram 

Social suitability

• S-class:
• • in the stand or on the trail no contact with the forest road -> S5
  • processing on the forest road -> S2
• E-class: motor-manual work, very heavy and dangerous -> E2